2.語態
語態:動詞與主詞的關係,主詞是動作承受者,為被動語態= 助動詞 be +過去分詞
The banana was eaten by the monkey.
You will be taught by me.
*及物動詞均可轉換成被動語態。部分不及物動詞後面需加介系詞才可形成片語動詞
The proposal was consented to by him.
The bill was referred to the committee for review.
不及物動詞:動詞動作止於行為者身上,後面不需要受詞
*不及物動詞無被動語態 ( 不加be動詞 )
* tremble 發抖;搖晃 vanish 消逝 matter 要緊;重要 occur 發生 belong 屬(於
remain 保持;仍是 respond 回應 result 結果;導致 depend 依賴 exist 存在......
Who cares. ; Anything could happen tomorrow.
不及物動詞+介系詞,形成片語動詞,可當成及物動詞
look after 照顧 speak to 對...談話 count on 依靠
動名詞:動詞加 -ing,視為名詞,可以當作句子主詞、受詞、補語或同位語
動名詞視為單數形式 Exercising is good for your body.
*否定的not加動名詞前面 * 片語動詞後動詞轉動名詞
Cleaning the house is really a chore.
Among her hobbies are traveling, skiing and bike riding.
Not exercising can worsen your arthritis.
I don’t think anyone will object to leaving early.
動名詞前方常有所有格人稱代名詞 I was tired of his being late for meetings.
某些動詞( avoid, enjoy, keep, go(went)...)後面習慣跟動名詞
不定詞: to + 動詞,作為動詞的受詞,使役動詞與情感助動詞為例外
I hope to get a job soon. David is a man to be admired.
*使役動詞 let、make、have、get 、help 後方不定詞不帶 to
*情態助動詞 must,、would、Had better 後方不定詞不帶 to
Let's play the ball now.
I dragged him out of bed and made him take a walk with me.
Would you like a cup of tea?
** allow 與 let 有「讓、使」之意,但allow不算使役動詞,不定詞要帶 to
** make 與 force 有「強迫(人)做某事」之意,但 force 不算使役動詞,不定詞要帶 to
The windfall allowed me to buy a house.
You can't force her to go to the doctor.
完成不定詞:已完成 to have +過去分詞 /been + 過去分詞 I'm pleased to have helped you.
*注意動詞後方接不定詞或動名詞意義不同
*部分動詞後方通常接不定詞 I hope to see you soon. I want to be a teacher.
分詞:動詞演變成現在分詞與過去分詞,視為形容詞,修飾名詞、代名詞,或當補語
過去分詞「被動」或「完成」的意思,-ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, -ne
Boiled water is safe to drink. She had her photo taken.
現在分詞「主動」或「進行中」的意思,動詞後去-e 加 ing
The crying baby kept the family awake. This book is interesting.
數量:複數名詞通常由單數名詞字尾加 -s 或 -es
不可數名詞前方不可帶有不定冠詞(a/an),且以單數型態敘述
比較級:原級、比較級 (er / 字前加 more 、最高級 ( est / 字前加most、
Michael is kinder than anyone else in the class.
I have absolute confidence in her. *部分形容詞無比較級
*few / fewer 後面接複數名詞;little / lest 後面接不可數名詞
Few thunder storms occur in the desert.
Should you wash your dishes by hand, or does the dish washer use less water?
關係代名詞:代替先行詞(名詞、代名詞或名詞片語),引導關係子句修飾所替代的先行詞
who 代替『人』; which 代替『事物、動物』, that 偶爾可取代 who 或 which
*人的 受格為 whom、所有格為 whose
I like the watch that my father gave me.
The girl whom you called is my friend.
關代使用的動詞數目必須與先行詞一致
I always buy name brand clothes that are cheap.
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