6.動詞時態
時態:
狀態 " 簡單式、進行式、完成式、完成進行式 " & 時間 " 現在、過去、未來 " 組合
動詞依時態有不同變化:( takes、took、taken、 taking)
(單數現在式、過去簡單式、完成式和被動、現在進行)
(單數現在式、過去簡單式、完成式和被動、現在進行)
*只有「現在/ 過去簡單式」不需助動詞,其他時態均需要助動詞 (Be, have, shall/will)
一般動詞過去式加 -ed 、去y 加 -ied、重複字尾加 -ed *注意不規則動詞
現在簡單式:現在的狀況、習慣、事實 (am, are, is)
一般動詞第三人稱、單數、現在式,通常是加-s 或-es
I live in Taiwan. The sun rises in the east.
He enjoys reading.
表時間的連接詞(when, before, after, as soon as, if, until) 後可用現在簡單式
= 主要子句是未來式時,從屬子句通常用現在簡單式
As soon as he arrives, we will have some lunch.
有關感受的動詞 (如:want, like, love, hate, wish) 用現在簡單式
移動相關動詞(如:come, go, leave, arrive, meet, start) 用現在簡單式
I leave for Los Angeles tomorrow.
He loves his daughter.
*條件句:If - 現在簡單式 + (will, can, may, might) + 動詞原式
If it rains, I will stay home.
現在進行式:正在發生 (am, are, is) + 現在分詞Ving
She is talking over the phone now.
*Be + ( always、usually、constantly ) 用來表示經常發生,現在進行式
Richard is always sleeping till noon.
現在完成式:經驗、到現在已經完成 (have、has ) + 過去分詞
*just、ever、always、since、
I have just done my homework.
過去迄今 ever, never, still, just, already, yet ,用現在完成式或過去完成式
She has never been to Korea. I have already told him.
* He has been to Japan. (去過) 不同於 He has gone to Japan. (去了)
被___:(have、has ) been + 過去分詞
The vacancy tax has been proposed as a way to nudge landlords to put vacant apartments
back on the market and generate revenue for affordable housing .
空屋稅被提出,促使房東將空置公寓重新投入市場,創造平價住宅經濟收入
現在完成進行式:過去開始的動作持續到現在,並且還在進行
(have、has ) been + 現在分詞 Ving
通常需要時間副詞鎖定起始時間 (如 for , since ,before ,during ,then, finally )
I've been shopping at this 7-11 since I arrived here.
How long has she been waiting?
過去簡單式:過去發生,已結束的動作 V-ed
He was a teacher in his thirties.
過去簡單式或 "used to" 皆可表示過去習慣
My brother ( used to get up / got up ) at five every morning.
主要動詞與從屬子句的動詞時態需相同
John got out safely before his house collapsed.
*例外:與現在事實相反的假設語氣
Steve acts as though he were the boss. ( he is not the boss)
過去進行式:過去某時刻正在發生或持續的動作 (was were ) + 現在分詞 V-ing
I was riding my bike at nine o'clock last night.
過去進行被動: (was were ) being + 過去分詞 V-ed
My order was being taken by the waiter when the lights went out.
過去進行式: (was were ) + ( always constantly ) + 現在分詞 V-ing
She was always complaining; nothing satisfied her.
過去完成式:先發生的事件用過去完成式,後發生的事件用過去簡單式
had + 過去分詞 V-ed
The plane had already taken off when I arrived at the airport.
If 從屬子句必用過去完成式
(ever, never, still, just, already, yet ) 用於過去時,必用過去完成式
If Jason had had the money, he would have bought a car.
I had never heard that before.
過去完成進行式:過去某事件前,更早的另一個動作持續進行中
had been + 現在分詞 V-ing
I had been working nonstop for seven hours before he showed up.
Had you been sleeping when I called?
未來簡單式:未來可能發生的事 will + 動詞原型
be going to + 動詞原型
We will see what we can do to help you.
I am going to visit my parents this weekend.
*時間連接詞(after, before, when, if, until, as soon as)後的未來行動用現在簡單式
When you finish the homework, put it in your backpack.
I will let you know as soon as I have the information.
未來進行式:將在未來某一時刻進行或持續進行 will be + 現在分詞 V-ing
At this time tomorrow, we will be playing tennis at park.
未來完成式:在未來某一時刻之前將完成 will have + 過去分詞
Nancy will have worked here for ten years next May.
*如表示未來某一時刻的副詞子句,動詞要用現在式
By the time David gets home, his wife will have cleaned the entire house.
未來完成進行式:過去發生的動作,將延伸到未來某時刻完成
will have been + 現在分詞V-ing
By the end of next month I will have been working here for exactly seven years.
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